auto.wikisort.org - Automobile

Aptera Motors (formerly Accelerated Composites) is an American startup high-efficiency car company based in San Diego, California.

Aptera Motors Corp.

Type	Private company
Industry	Automotive
Founded	2005; 17 years ago (2005)
Founders	Steven P. Fambro (Co-CEO) Chris L. Anthony (Co-CEO) Michael Johnson
Headquarters	San Diego, California , United States
Area served	worldwide (planned)
Key people	Jason Hill (Design) Nathan Armstrong (Mechanical Engineering) Brian Gallagher (Advisor/Engineering) Sarah Hardwick (Marketing)
Products	Aptera solar EV
Revenue	0 (2021)
Net income	-US$18.9 million (2021) -US$4.2 million (2020)
Total assets	US$23,259,441(2021) US$1,201,072 (2020)
Number of employees	103 (2022)
Website	aptera.us

The original company, Aptera Motors, Inc., was founded in 2005 and liquidated in 2011.

In 2019, Aptera Motors was re-formed by the original founders, Chris Anthony and Steve Fambro, as Aptera Motors Corp.[1] It used a crowdfunding campaign[2] to restart development of what is touted as the most highly efficient road vehicle in the world.[1]

The original Aptera Motors' design was a three-wheeled two-seat vehicle named the Aptera 2 Series. The marketed fuel efficiency of 300 mpg_‑US (0.78 L/100 km), when plugged in every 120 miles (190 km), would have made it one of the most fuel-efficient passenger vehicles in the world.[3]

As of 2019, the Aptera had been redesigned to be a pure battery-powered electric vehicle (BEV) using under 100Wh per mile on the EPA test cycle, with a marketed EPA test-cycle range of 1,000 miles (1,600 km), with solar panels that could add up to 40 miles of range per day. This makes the Aptera the most efficient and the longest-range motor vehicle ever designed for mass production.[1][4]

On December 4, 2020, the company revealed the new Aptera EV prototype, releasing model and option details with prices, and opened pre-orders.[5] Within eight days they received deposits for over 3,000 Aptera vehicles, valued at over $100,000,000.[6][7] Within 7 weeks the company received deposits for over $200,000,000 worth of vehicles.[8]

In their December 2021 video update, the company revealed they had over 15,000 reservation holders, over 8,000 investors, had started construction in their newly acquired 80,000 square foot factory space, and were "confident we will be able to begin supplying vehicles in the later part of 2022."[9]

A month later in January 2022 the San Diego Business Journal reported[10] their reservations had grown to over 16,000, their employees had doubled to 60 and they were looking to hire 470 more by the end of the year. In October 2022 they announced the number of reservations had grown to over 35,000.[11]

In May of 2022, Aptera Motors' released their 2021 Annual Report.[12] In it they stated that have 103 full- and part-time employees and over 18,000 reservations for their solar electric vehicle. Also as of the end of 2021 they reported they had $23,259,441 in total assets (compared to $1,201,072 in 2020) and a net loss of $18.9 million in 2021 (compared to a loss of $4.2 million in 2020).

Planned models

Aptera Solar Electric Vehicle

As of 2019, the first planned production Aptera is a two-seat, three-wheeled passenger battery electric vehicle (BEV). Its design includes two, 50 KW wheel hub motors with an EPA-test-cycle estimated range of over 1,000 miles (1,600 km), from a 100 kWh battery pack.

This estimated range was achieved by using lightweight resin composite materials in a body with a unique aerodynamic design. The resulting vehicle is estimated to require less than 100 Wh of energy per mile, making it about 2.5 times as energy efficient as a Tesla Model 3, with half the Model 3's passenger capacity but more cargo space than the Model 3.[13]

Embedded solar cells have been designed to contribute an estimated additional 41 miles (66 km) per day from sunlight under optimal conditions.[4] Since most drivers drive less than 30 miles per day,[14] this feature would let many drivers to rarely plug-in to charge. Thus the Aptera was at first promoted as the world's first "Never Charge" EV.[15] The company's web site features a calculator to estimate how often their owners would need to charge an Aptera, based on where they live and how much they drive.

Multiple solar panel, motor, and battery configurations are planned, with estimated ranges from 250 to 1,000 miles (400 to 1,610 km), initially priced from $25,900 to over $47,000.[16]

All versions will be speed-limited to 110 miles per hour (180 km/h).[17][18]

Production and customer availability

Aptera Motors published on their WeFunder page an investor presentation, dated July, 2020, with a production plan projecting Aptera first availability in the 2nd quarter of 2021.[19] On December 4, 2020, Aptera Motors revealed the first solar-powered Aptera prototype.[20] On the same day, Chris Anthony wrote, "Delivery for early orders is end of 2021".[21] On January 11, 2021, he added, "If we can raise funds effectively and COVID doesn't continue to be a significant impediment, we should be able to deliver 4 to 6 thousand units in 2022."[22] However, in September Chris Anthony stated that COVID did cause delays getting parts for the prototypes and getting the prototypes built.[23]

In January 2022, Pablo Ucar, Aptera's Vice President of Production and Procurement, was quoted saying "We’ll start by producing our first few hundred vehicles, our Paradigm Editions. As our supply chain becomes more established, we’ll ramp to 250 per month, and eventually reach our target of producing 40 vehicles per day.".[24] The company's Frequently Asked Question page states first customer deliveries as happening in "late 2022" for the Paradigm Edition.[25] In February 2022, Aptera updated most of the over 16,000 reservation holders to a delivery window of 2023–2024.[26]

A webinar was hosted by Aptera Motors on June 14, 2022 in which they outlined the company's progress on some component systems as well as a revised interior and exterior design with slightly more interior room and efficiency. At this webinar the team announced completion of its third generation (Gamma) prototype design and is aiming to complete its build of the first Gamma prototype in about 4 to 6 weeks. After that, the fourth generation (Delta) pre-production prototype design "will take several more months" to complete. First customer delivery was still aiming for "the end of the year" (2022). Pre-orders surpassed 25,000 during the live streaming of the webinar. They plan to produce 1,000 vehicles in the first few months of production. As 40% of pre-orders are for the nominal 400-mile range (41 kWh battery) version, those first 1000 vehicles will all be that 400-mile range version. First deliveries will be made to customers most local to their headquarters in San Diego, California.[27]

As of that September over 30,000 vehicles had been reserved, worth about a billion dollars in sales.[28] At Aptera's Gamma prototype reveal on September 10, 2022,[29] Chief Designer Jason Hill said he expected the production intent prototype named Delta to be completed in November. Anthony mentioned crash testing of the first production intent vehicles would likely be completed, and videos of the them released, in the second quarter of 2023, so first customer availability would be soon after that time.

Production Plan Lead Time

Statement Date	Production Start	Lead Time	Units
July 2020	Summer 2021	~ 1 year	314 in 2021[19]
December 2020	EOY 2021	~ 1 year	--
January 2021	2022	~ 1 year	4,000 - 6,000 in 2022 if COVID didn't continue[22]
January 2022	late 2022	< 1 year	Ramping to 250 per month then to 40 per day in 2023[24]
June 2022	end of 2022	6 months	Ramping to full scale production in 2023
September 2022	early 2023	4 months	Ramping to 10,000 units per year rate (40 per day) in 2023[28]

4-wheeled, 5- or 6-passenger Car

Aptera Motors has stated in the timeline on its web site that it will begin design of a full-sized 6-passenger vehicle in the second half of 2020. However, in February 2020, the founders said their next vehicle will be a 4-wheeled, 5 passenger car.[30] There has been no further production plans of 4 wheeled versions shared publicly.

History

The company was founded by Steve Fambro in 2006 and was originally named "Accelerated Composites"; Fambro had formerly worked at Illumina as an electrical engineer. Fambro hired Chris Anthony to be the COO shortly after founding the company.[31]

In 2006, the company announced it had a three-wheeled car design that would get an estimated 330 miles per US gallon (0.71 L/100 km) at 65 mph (105 km/h) and in March 2007, it showed a prototype called the typ-1 at the TED Conference.[32] The typ-1 model had been classified as a motorcycle.[31] By that time the company had changed its name to Aptera,[32] which is Greek for "wingless", a nod to their light-aircraft-inspired design and construction techniques.[33] However, Aptera Motors maintains that Aptera translates to "wingless flight". Later that year, Aptera signed up to participate in the Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize.[34] It planned to offer an all-electric vehicle and a hybrid.[31]

In 2008, Aptera Motors hired several industry veterans to oversee engineering and production as well as marketing, and raised $24 million from Google, Idealab, Esenjay, the Simons family, and the Beall Family Trust. When the company announced the funding, it said it would start to sell its car by the end of the year.[35] Near the end of year, it hired Paul Wilbur as CEO, and Fambro stepped down as CEO and assumed the title of Chief Technical Officer. Shortly after Wilbur joined the company, it announced that the launch of the car would be delayed until 2009.[35] By that time, it was calling the "typ-1" the "2e".[35]

In March 2009, the U.S. government denied loans to Aptera Motors under the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, due to wording that limited loans to four-wheeled-vehicle research and production.[36] After successfully lobbying to change the regulations,[37] in October 2009, the company reapplied for a $184 million loan.[38][39] In November 2009 the company laid off employees, and both Fambro and Anthony left the company.[40][35]

The automotive X-prize competition was held in 2010 and Aptera's car entered but didn't finish the 50-lap trial, as its car overheated after 30 laps.[41]

On August 12, 2011, Aptera Motors started to return deposits from customers.[42] and in December 2011, it announced that it was going out of business because it was running out of money; it said that the Department of Energy had offered it a $150 million low interest loan conditioned on the company raising the same amount from the private sector, but the company was not able to raise the matching funds. A New York Times reporter contacted the DoE, which said that it had not committed to loaning the company any money.[43] By that time, the company had abandoned the three-wheeled model and was working on a mid-sized four-wheeled four-door sedan.[43] Also by the time, 60,000 people had expressed interest to the company in buying a 2e, and 2,000 of them had paid a $500 deposit.[44]

In April 2012, the Chinese automaker Zhejiang Jonway Group purchased the intellectual property of Aptera from creditors, and in May, it announced that it would start manufacturing the 2e at its factory in Shanghai and intended to ship chassis to a small assembly plant, initially employing 15-20 people, that it would set up in Santa Rosa, with sales commencing in early 2013. Jonway was a major investor in Zap Jonway, which had been working on electric cars in Santa Rosa since the mid-1990s. The company originally was going to name the US company "Zaptera USA" and it displayed a prototype 2e next to a Zap Jonway car at the Beijing Motor Show; the close association with Zap was met with protest by electric-car enthusiasts and by May, the company said it would call the company Aptera USA and would keep it separate from Zap Jonway.[44]

In June 2013, Zaptera USA said it would split into two companies: the existing Jonway-owned Zaptera USA, and an independent Aptera USA; Zaptera would make the all-electric 2e and Aptera would make a gasoline-powered version called the 2g.[45] However, by mid-May the following year, those new Aptera companies had gone silent.[46]

Aptera Motors Corp.

In 2019, Aptera Motors was re-formed under the leadership of the original founders, Chris Anthony and Steve Fambro, as Aptera Motors Corp.[1] It then began a crowdfunding campaign[2] to restart development and production of what is touted to be the most efficient road vehicle in the world.[1]

In February 2020, the company announced it had raised enough funding to see the Aptera EV into production by the end of 2020.[47] In a May 2020 update, the company announced it had increased its engineering team from 15 to 60 people worldwide, in 5 locations around the US and in 5 countries around the world.[48] In December 2020, they revealed the first solar-powered Aptera prototype and started taking reservations for it.[20]

In 2021 the company built 3 more engineering prototypes, revised the Aptera design to give it more interior room and an improved suspension, and raised over $39 million in funding.[49] They also acquired 3 buildings in Carlsbad, CA, with a combined space of over 100,000 square feet.[50] This space meets their needs for R&D space, for test vehicle building and for manufacturing space for up to 40 vehicles per day (10,000 vehicles per year).[51]

Historic vehicles

Aptera Motors' vehicle design has undergone several design revisions, summarized here. The first two vehicles were intended as concept cars for soliciting investment money rather than production vehicles. The third vehicle, the Aptera 2e, was intended for production, but the funding required was not achieved.

Aptera Mk-0
Overview
Manufacturer	Aptera Motors, Inc.
Production	no (technology demonstrator)
Assembly	United States
Body and chassis
Class	Subcompact
Body style	2-door three-wheeled car
Powertrain
Engine	Diesel: 9 kW (12 hp) Electric: 19 kW (25 hp)
Transmission	CVT
Dimensions
Wheelbase	1,625 mm (64 in)
Length	4,394 mm (173 in)
Curb weight	386 kg (851 lb)
Chronology
Predecessor	unnamed homebuilt prototype
Successor	Aptera 2e

Initial design & rendering

Aptera's introductory press release stated their design would achieve 330 mpg, and included computer renderings of the proposed vehicle. The body shape was initially estimated to have a drag coefficient of Cd=0.055 to 0.06, and would have sported a 12 horsepower (9 kW) diesel engine and a 24 horsepower (18 kW) permanent magnet DC motor. The design also called for a CVT and ultracapacitors, and sell for under US$20,000.[52]

Aptera Mk-0

The Mk-0 technology-demonstration vehicle was built to confirm the effectiveness of the design, and in the words of co-founder Chris Anthony, “just to show people that we weren't full of crap.”[53] Due to its higher-than-expected drag coefficient of 0.11, it only achieved 230 mpg_‑US (1.0 L/100 km) at 55 mph (89 km/h). The target price was unchanged at “around $20,000.”

Aptera Typ-1 / Aptera Mk-1

In September 2007, the Aptera Motors website was updated with information on the new Aptera design (dubbed the Aptera Typ-1), and the Mk-1 pre-production prototype was unveiled. The Mk-0 prototype was redesigned by Jason Hill, who worked on the Smart Fortwo and Porsche Carrera GT and engineered by Nathan Armstrong,[54] with a finished interior and new body styling. At this time, Aptera Motors started to take reservations from residents of California for its pilot models – then called the Typ-1e and Typ-1h.[55] A gasoline engine was used, due to the way diesel emissions are calculated.[56]

In February 2008, the Mk-1 was featured in an advertisement for Touchstone Energy Cooperatives.[57]

In late 2008, Aptera announced that the Aptera Typ-1 would receive several design changes and would be renamed the Aptera 2e. Differences included front-wheel drive, the addition of side-view mirrors, a redesigned interior, and consolidating the rear-view cameras into a wide-angle “fin” on the roof.[58][59]

Aptera 2 Series

The Aptera 2 Series was to be a two-seat, three-wheeled passenger vehicle. It was planned to be available in both all-electric (2e) and series hybrid (2h) configurations, at prices ranging from mid-twenty to mid-forty thousand dollars.[60] By mid-2008, aerodynamic optimization using simulations and light-weight composite construction yielded a prototype which allegedly consumed only 80 Wh/mi (watt hours per mile) (50 Wh/km) at 55 mph (89 km/h), less than half the energy needed to propel either the EV1 or any existing Tesla .[61] The April 14, 2010 press release revised the design-intent vehicle-efficiency estimate to about 200 Wh/mi (125 Wh/km), 100-mile (160 km) range from a full 20 kWh battery pack, or around 200 mpg_‑US (1.2 L/100 km) equivalent.[39] On the hybrid vehicle, it led to projections of 130 miles per US gallon (1.8 L/100 km) on gasoline alone, or 300 mpg_‑US (0.78 L/100 km) if plugged in every 120 miles (190 km). Since then, the vehicle underwent a series of redesigns, including the addition of side mirrors and expansion of the interior space, however, retaining its three-wheel configuration and its aerodynamic teardrop shape. At the Automotive X-Prize, the entered prototype had a tested efficiency of 200 MPGe.

Aptera Motors emphasized that safety was not traded off for efficiency, citing crash-test simulations and component-crush testing[62] as indicating excellent survivability — on par with more conventional vehicles. The company folded before real-world crash test results were made.

The Aptera 2 Series featured optional roof-mounted solar panels for running a heat pump, always-on climate control, and keyless ignition and entry. An in-car touch-screen computer served as entertainment, navigation, and communication system. Side mirrors replaced rear-view cameras on the final prototypes, though one center-mounted camera remained.[63]

Aptera 4-door

By the time of the original company's liquidation in 2011, the company had abandoned development of the Aptera 2e and had started to design a 5-passenger, 4-wheeled EV sedan with a lightweight composite body and a projected 130-mile range. However, no body and only a few test mules for such a car were ever built.[43]

See also

• Edison2's The Very Light Car
• Commuter Cars
• Energy efficiency in transport

References

External links

• Aptera Motors 2021 Annual Report

На других языках

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[de] Aptera Motors

Aptera Motors, ehemals Accelerated Composites, ist ein US-amerikanisches Automobilunternehmen mit Hauptsitz in San Diego, Kalifornien. Das Unternehmen wurde 2005 gegründet, 2011 aufgelöst und 2019 neu gegründet. Es plant Solarautos zu produzieren und zu vertreiben.

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- [en] Aptera Motors

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